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Breast cancer is the world’s number one cancer that affects women. The two major risk factors for breast cancer are female sex and older age. Those women who are genetically predisposed may get breast cancer in earlier ages, that is 30-40 years. But breast cancer after menopause can merely be a disease of ageing only. So every woman has a great threat of breast cancer and is present all the time. Breast cancer, if diagnosed earlier is completely curable. Surgery, chemo, and radiotherapy have proven 100% results. But all this only work if you caught your cancer early. Do You Know? Pink ribbon is used to represent breast cancer. It is a symbol of breast of cancer and pink is the color that represents breast cancer. Which country has highest risk of breast cancer in Asia? Click here Today the purpose of writing this article is to educate all the women, especially those who belong to developing countries, about the prevention and protection of themselves against breast cancer. I high...

Breast cancer is the commonest cancer of women all over the world. But in Asia, Pakistan is the country that has the highest incident of breast cancer according to 2014 statistics. According to a study that is done by the doctors of Agha Khan Hospital Karachi, every one out of 9 women has breast cancer in Pakistan. This is the highest in Asia. In Capital Hospital Islamabad, during a weekly academic conference, Dr Naeem Taj, the head of the surgical department, told the audience that breast cancer has high mortality and morbidity in Pakistan because in here, it is diagnosed in late stages. Most of the patients we receive in our general OPD usually have Grade III or Grade IV disease. The main reason for the late presentation is poverty, lack of facilities, illiteracy, lack of information, lack of interest of the government in the health sector and women’s shyness. For example, if a woman has a lump and present to a secondary level hospital that doesn’t have the facility of breast c...

Rabies is a deadly disease. Once a patient gets Rabies, his cure become nearly impossible. So precautionary measures should be adopted to prevent Rabies. So you should know the names all those animals that can transmit rabies and whenever you receive a bite from any of those animals then you should rush for immediate prophylaxis that is provided in the form of vaccination. There are only few patients known, who survived rabies. When signs and symptoms of Rabies appear, then Milwaukee protocol is the only hope of survival remains. Let’s now explain the signs and symptoms of rabies. The signs and symptoms of rabies appear within two weeks after bite. But appearance of signs and symptoms greatly depend upon the location of bite. For example, bite on leg will produce symptoms latter as compared to bite that has occurred in face or head and it also depends on the number of viruses that have introduced into the wound and categories of wound . Therefore, sometimes the signs symptoms don...

When Rabid dog or any other animal that can transmit rabies bites the management depends on the category of the wound.  A rabid animal bite is categorized into three categories depending on the depth and tissues involved. The deeper the wound is, the more dangerous it will be. Wounds categorization for a rabid animal bite. Category I wound. Category I wounds are not wounds actually. Because in these, the skin remains intact. If a rabid animal, feed on your hand or licks your skin, but there shouldn’t be any abrasion, or breakage of the integrity of skin epithelium then there is no risk of transmission of rabies. In this case, no vaccination is needed, only reassurance of the doubter is enough. Category II Wounds. Category II (two) wounds carry the moderate risk of transmission of rabies. If a rabid animal licks an uncovered area of skin, like some previous wound or abrasion or you have got a minor scratch or abrasion from an animal that can transmit rabies in such a way that no ...

Animals that do and don’t transmit Rabies Rabies is a fatal disease and the cause of transmission of this disease is dog-bite in 96 per cent of cases. Several organisms other than a dog can also transmit Rabies and certain animals that are mistakenly known to be a cause of transmission of rabies but in fact, they are not, for example, Usually, it is thought that rat bite can also transmit rabies. But it is not true, rat bite doesn’t transmit disease. Following is the list of those animals that can transmit rabies to humans when they bite. Dog, dog-bite is found to be the cause of transmission of rabies in 96% of cases. Other organisms that may transmit rabies include; Bat Wolf Monkey Fox Cat Mongoose Mule Horse and Buffalo Now if any person is bitten by any of the above organisms, then prophylactic measures to prevent rabies should be started as soon as possible. Rabies is a fatal disease once its sign and symptoms appear, then nothing can be done and the person ultimatel...

diabetes is a major problem in developed as well as under-developed countries. Its incidence is increasing day by day. Type 2 diabetes results from the development of resistance against insulin and there is a clear difference between type 2 and type 1 diabetes (click here) . Type 2 What is meant by insulin resistance? Insulin is released by the pancreas after the ingestion of a meal. Food intake stimulates the release of insulin. After taking meal concentration of glucose in blood increases. Increased concentration of glucose in the blood stimulates insulin release. Insulin decreases the concentration of glucose in blood by transporting it inside the cells thereby increasing its utilization and thus prevents the body from the adverse effects of high blood glucose level (hyperglycemia). Insulin resistance means, over time the amount of insulin that is released by the pancreas of the diabetic patient fail to shift sufficient amount of glucose into the cells. Thus his body tries to ...

The breast secrets Colostrum for the first few days after delivery, which is yellow in colour and thicker than milk. Although it is in a small amount, but is enough for a normal baby and is exactly what a baby needs for the first few days. It contains more antibodies and more WBC than the Later milk. It gives the first immunization to protect the baby from bacteria and viruses. It is rich in growth factor which stimulates a baby immature intestine to develop. The growth factors prepare the baby intestine to digest and absorb milk and to prevent the absorption of undigested protein. Colostrum is laxative and helps the baby to pass meconium. this help to prevent jaundice. So the communities avoiding colostrum need to be educated regarding these benefits

Muhammad Waseem Khan Ms Bioethics Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi Pakistan Lecturer Baluchistan University of Information Technology Engineering & Management Sciences Quetta Pakistan Email: mwaseem.tareen@yahoo.com Keywords: Autonomy, Euthanasia, Ethical, Proponents, Withhold. ABSTRACT Euthanasia and physician assisted suicide is considered to be in conflict with basic ethical principles of autonomy, justice, beneficence, non-maleficence and dignity in medical practice. Euthanasia being allowed in few states has raised certain ethical questions which are due to be given importance and need to be answered. Proponents of euthanasia argue in favor of passive euthanasia to be allowed and they consider it to be legal and permissible and need of the day. They tend to forget the importance of advancement being made in the field of medical sciences and medical technology. Theses advancements are deemed to be used for the benefit of human beings rather than using for taking hum...

Bias may arise from errors of assessment of the outcome due to human element. For example, if a patient knows about the research, he may deliberately conceal some important points which may affect the results of the study. In order to reduce this problem, a technique known as "blinding" is adopted, which will ensure that the outcome is assessed objectively. 1. Single Blind Trial This trial is planned in such a way that the participants (patients or study population) are not aware whether they belong to study group or control group. 2. Double Blind Trial: This trial is so planned that neither the doctor nor the participant is aware of the group allocation and the treatment received. 3. Triple Blind Trial: This is one step further. The participant, the doctor and the person analysing the data are all blind. Ideally triple blinding should be used but the double blinding is the most commonly used method. In some cases blinding is not so important for example ...

Difference Between Epidemiology and Clinical Medicine: 1. In epidemiology, the unit of study is "population" or "population at risk" while in Clinical Medicine the unit of study is a "case" or "cases". 2. In epidemiology, the epidemiologist is concerned with the disease patterns in the entire population while in clinical medicine the physician is concerned with the disease pattern in an individual patient. 3. Epidemiology is Concerned with the both "sick" and "healthy" (case and controls respectively) while clinicians are interested in cases with diseases. 4. The clinician is concerned with the diagnosis of disease, he derives a prognosis and prescribes specific treatment while an epidemiologist seeks to identify a particular source of infection, a mode of spread or an aetiological factor in order to determine a future trend and recommend specific control measures. 5. In clinical medicine, the patient comes to t...

One can't give any precise yes or no answer to this question. Airport body scanners use radiations and we know that radiations are harmful to the body. Full-body scanners used to secure airports, about 1,000 of which will be deployed across the United States by year's end, do not pose health risks, a study released has found. Now a question arises in every mind that will these radiations damage the body tissue? are these have any harmful effects on the body? A recent Study report has been published. This may help those people and may clear their doubts to some extent.

It is important that you put contact lenses in the eyes very carefully otherwise it can seriously damage your eyes. Follow the following steps. Wash Your Hands Thoroughly. Use good quality soap. Dry your hands with a clean towel. If it is possible, avoid drying with toilet paper or tissue paper, it leaves traces on your hand. Make sure that all the soap has washed properly. Carefully Remove The Contact Lens From its Case .  Make sure, whether it is for your right or left eye. It matters if you have different power numbers prescribed. Place the contact on your index finger of the hand you will be applying the contact with . You should use your dominant hand. Make sure that all the outside edges are face up and none are sticking to your finger. If the rim points out slightly instead of up, the lens is probably inside-out. Inspect lense for rips, tears, or debris. Rinse with lens solution if there is visible dust, etc. on the lens. Use the index finger...

If you haven't moved your bowel for 3 to 4 days and have feelings like bloating and abdominal distension, you may have constipation. To treat constipation you have to change some of your daily habits. 1. Eat plenty of liquids, 8-12 glasses of water are recommended. lack of hydration of intestinal content may render them hard and difficult to move. 2. add fibrous food in your diet. here is the list of foods with high fibre content  3. Drink Coffee, caffeine may help to stimulate your bowel. 4. Increase your activity. do regular exercise. exercise stimulates your bowel movement. During exercise, the body uses available nutrients and lack of nutrients supply stimulates bowel movements. 5. Check the medicine you are taking, calcium and iron supplements can cause constipation. moreover strong analgesics (morphine analogues) can cause constipation. 6. Keep in mind that constipation can be caused by a bowel disease such as irritable bowel syndrome, colo...

Fluid retention increases your body weight and gives you a puffy and heavy feeling. it may be pathological, physiological or related to drug intake. the bloated body doesn't look good, and nobody wants a bloated appearance. For the average person, water comprises about 70 per cent of our total body weight. Diets linked to fluid retention. Retaining excess fluids can leave you feeling bloated and puffy. it increases your weight and waist. dietary ingredients that contribute to the retention of fluids include:  Salt  Sugar  Inadequate protein Insufficient amino acids or B-vitamins Oedema: Abnormal retention of fluid is called Edema. if your body tends to retain fluids. visit your doctor to find out the cause. and treatment of cause will eradicate the Edema and it is most efficacious rather treating Edema with diuretics. for example, if the oedema is secondary to glomerulonephritis. treatment of Glomerulonephritis will be more useful. Al...

A new clinical study shows that substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat in a Mediterranean diet improves

Regular exercise may help reduce the problem of the flu by boosting the immune system's response

Vitamin B12 may help protect against Alzheimer's disease, according to a study held by Scientist at Newyork. The public doesn't need to know how they studied and how they get the conclusion. The important thing is the conclusion of the study "Vitamin B12 helps to prevent Alzheimer's Disease in the latter stages of life. Sources of Vitamin B12: source of Vitamin B12 are meat, dairy products eggs Fermented soy products, seaweeds and algae Spirulina, algae available as a dietary supplement in tablet form, and nori, a seaweed, have both appeared to contain significant amounts of B12 after analysis.

Studies suggest that in addition to heart health beetroot juice increases blood flow to the brain and therefore joins the fight against dementia. Biology and Chemistry, scientists at Wake Forest University in the US decided to explore the potential impact that beetroot juice could have on brain health. studies suggested that beetroot juice 1. tends to decrease blood pressure. 2. Increases Brain blood perfusion.                    Improved brain blood perfusion is known to delay ageing, improves cognitive health (thinking ability) and poorer blood flow in the elderly is related to dementia (loss of memory). Therefore drinking beetroot juice eradicates the risk of dementia in old age to a great extent. Beetroot juice has high nitrate content. Nitrates cause vasodilation (relax the walls of blood vessels and increase their lumen) . It means they tend to decrease blood pressure and tend to increase blood flow. e.g glyceryl tr...

If you have irregular menses, it is important to know the factors that may induce irregularity in the menstrual cycle.