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Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Cavernous Sinus Location and Important Relations Location: 1.      Lie on the either side of sella turcica 2.      Posterior to the optic chiasma 3.      At the base of the skull 4.      Connection exist between two sinuses Veins are connected to the sinuses: Blood comes to the cavernous sinus from the following veins: 1.        Facial vein 2.        Superior and inferior opththalmic veins 3.        Sphenoid and middle cerebral veins Cavernous Sinus Empty into: 1.        Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. 2.        Sphenoid sinus 3.        Internal jugular vein. Labirinthine vien is also connected to the inferior petrosal sinus: Veins are valve less so blood and infection flow to the either di...

Complications Of Fracture Early Complications: Early Local Complications: Vascular injury which cause internal or external haemorrhage Visceral injury :- Fracture of skull, ribs, or pubis may cause injury to brain, lungs or bladder respectively Damage to nerves Damage to surrounding tissue Haemarthrosis. Compartment symdrome or Volkmann's ischemia  Wound infection, more common in open fractures Early Systemic Complications Fat embolism Shock Thromboembolism (pulmonary or venous)  Exacerbation of underlying diseases such as diabetes or coronary artery disease Pneumonia  Late Complications: Local late Complications Delayed Union  Non- Union Mal-Union Joint stiffness Contractures Myositis ossificans Avascular necrosis Algodystrophy Osteomyelitis Growth disturbance or deformity Systemic Late Complications Gangrene Tetanus septicemia Iatrogenic Complications Iatrogenic complications result from therapeutic interventions Complications due to C...

HISTORY PATIENT'S PROFILE: PATIENTS NAME: Farzana AGE: 24yrs EDUCATION: I ntermediate OCCUPATION: H ousewife HUSBANDS NAME:  Ahmed AGE:                    28yrs EDUCATION:    Bachelors OCCUPATION: Shopkeeper in supermarket Islamabad PRESENTING COMPLAINTS ¬SEVERE DYSURIA __ 2days ¬DISTRESING PAIN IN VULVAR REGION__2days ¬RASH IN VULVAR REGION ¬VAGINAL DISCHARGE HISTORY OF PRESENTING COMPLAINTS ¬ G3P2 at GA 23wk presented on 17th Aug 2009 with c/o severe dysuria and distressing pain localized to the vulvar region with the appearance of the rash in the vulvar region for the last two days ¬There is also vaginal discharge which is thin watery non-itchy and odourless ¬Also complains of malaise and body aches ¬There is no other associated systemic complaint OBSTETRICAL HISTORY: MARRIED FOR : 4 years CONSANGUINIT...

Osteoporosis-Causes-Risk factors-Prevention and Treatment What is Osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is a disease of bones. In this disease, bone mass decreases and bones become, fragile and more likely to break. Hip bone, vertebrae and wrist bones are more vulnerable to break. Hipbone and spine fractures are a major concern. A hip fracture almost always requires surgery and hospital admission and spine fracture results in serious consequences, for instance, loss of height, severe back pain, and deformity. What are the causes of osteoporosis? The exact cause of osteoporosis is not known. Our bone is continuously being formed and broken down. But in younger age, the bone-forming cells form new bone at a faster rate than those cells which absorb older bone. But the ability of these bone-forming cells to form new bone decreases with increasing age. Therefore, in older age, Bone mass decreases because bone forming cells don’t work properly and bones become fragile, weak and vulnerable to fractur...

Definition: Elevation of indirect serum bilirubin level more than 10mg/dl in an infant is called indirect hyperbilirubinemia. The exact definition of a physiologic range and management is complex and based on many factors including gestational age, postnatal age, birth weight, disease state, risk factors, degree of hydration, nutritional status, and ethnicity Bilirubin : •Non-polar, water-insoluble compound requiring conjugation with glucuronic acid to form a water-soluble product that can be excreted through kidneys. Unconjugated Bilirubin can't be excreted through kidneys. Conjugation of bilirubin occurs in Liver. It is reversely bound to albumin. Bilirubin Physiology •Increased production of bilirubin in neonate occurs due to larger red cell volume, which produces bilirubin as cells are broken down •Heme is catabolized within the reticuloendothelial system by heme oxygenase to form biliverdin. •Biliverdin is metabolized to bilirubin in the presence of biliverd...

Difference Between Small Pox and Chicken Pox Difference between chickenpox and  smallpox is tabulated below Feature Smallpox Chickenpox Caused by: Smallpox is caused by the Variola virus Chickenpox is caused by Varicella zoster virus Incubation Period: It is 7-17 days for smallpox It is 7-21 days for chickenpox Prodromal Symptoms These are Severe in smallpox These are Mild in chickenpox Distribution Of Rash Centrifugal for smallpox Centripetal for chickenpox Palms and Soles Frequently Involved in smallpox Seldom affected in chickenpox Axilla Usually free in smallpox Axilla is affected in chickenpox Rash In smallpox it is Predominant on extensor surface, deep-seated, vesicles are multilocular, only one stage of rash is seen at one time and there is no inflammation around the rash. In Chickenpox Predominant on flexor surface, Superficial, Vesicles are unilocular, dewdro...

Man Made Disaster: There are many disasters which have large element of human causation, either accidental or intended. Actually there is man behind man's destruction. Man made disaster is divided into following three categories. Sudden disasters Insidious disasters Disasters due to wars and civil conflicts.

Whipple's Disease: Cause: Whipple's disease is a systemic disease caused by gram-positive bacteria called tropheryma whippelii (PAS positive and Z.N stain negative)  Pathogenesis: Like Mycobacteria tuberculosis there is an accumulation of foamy macrophages in the Lamina propria of the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes causing a lymphatic obstruction and malabsorptive diarrhea. There is villous expansion instead of atrophy due to an accumulation of macrophages. Foamy macrophages can also deposit in synovial membranes, cardiac   valves, brain and other sites and produce symptoms Signs and Symptoms Whipple disease primarily affects gastrointestinal tract but it may affect any system of the body including the heart , lungs, brain, joints, skin, and the eyes. Signs and symptoms depend on the affected parts. Common signs and symptoms are. Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weight loss and joint pain. Joint pain occurs years before the development of digestiv...

Intestinal Obstruction: Intestinal Obstruction is defined as a partial or complete blockage of the bowel that results in the failure of intestinal contents to pass through it. Types : Intestinal obstruction can be classified into 2 types Dynamic Adynamic Peristalsis is working against a mechanical obstruction. It may occur in an acute or chronic form of mechanical obstruction Peristalsis Absent      The obstructing lesion may be: Intraluminal (Ex. impacted faeces, foreign bodies, gallstones)   Intramural (Ex. malignant or inflammatory strictures) Extramura l (Ex. intraperitoneal bands and adhesions, hernias, volvulus or intussusceptions.) l   ILEUS, esp. post surgical ¡   INFARCTION ¡   MOTILITY DISEASES, esp., HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE Other Classification. According to; Onset : Acute (sudden onset) and Chronic (slow onset) obstruction Site: Small intestine obstr...