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Examination of Respiratory System In this flash lecture following topics are discussed: 1. Anterior, Posterior and Lateral Imaginary Lines on Chest. 2. Lobes of the lungs 3. Anterior and Posterior view of the lobes of the lungs 4. Inspection:                Respiratory Movements and type                Respiratory Rate                Chest Deformity 5. Palpation:                Trachea                Apex Beat                Thoracic Expansion                Vocal Fermitus 6. Percussion:                Method of percussion                Factors affect percussion notes                Types of percussion notes 7. Auscultation:                Order of Auscultation                Sounds of Auscultation                Normal Breath Sounds                Abnormal Breath Sounds                Adventitious Sounds                Crackles                Ronchi (wheeze)                Plural Rub                Vocal Resonance 8. Consolidation 9. Collapse 10. Pleura

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Cavernous Sinus Location and Important Relations Location: 1.      Lie on the either side of sella turcica 2.      Posterior to the optic chiasma 3.      At the base of the skull 4.      Connection exist between two sinuses Veins are connected to the sinuses: Blood comes to the cavernous sinus from the following veins: 1.        Facial vein 2.        Superior and inferior opththalmic veins 3.        Sphenoid and middle cerebral veins Cavernous Sinus Empty into: 1.        Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. 2.        Sphenoid sinus 3.        Internal jugular vein. Labirinthine vien is also connected to the inferior petrosal sinus: Veins are valve less so blood and infection flow to the either direction. More favorable sites from where infection can travel to the cavernous sinus are: Nose 2.        Tonsils 3.        Orbit 4.        Paranasal sinuses 5.        Teeth Other important relations are: Structures which lie inside the sinus are: 1.       

In this lecture following topics are discussed: 1. What are Microbes? 2. Major microbial groups 3. Structure of bacteria 4. Normal Flora 5. Gram Stain 6. Difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria 7. ZN staining 8. ZN staining for M. tuberculosis 9. Facultative, obligate aerobes, anaerobes 10. Microaerophillic 11. Pathogenicity of bacteria 12. Colonization. 13. Inflammation and immune mediated damage. 14. Physical Damage. 15. Toxins - Endotoxins and Exotoxins. 16. Classification of exotoxins This lecture was delivered by Dr. Tayyab Saeed Akhtar at Foreign Students Academy .

Use the following format while taking history from a child/ baby or neonate in Pediatrics department. NAME:                                                                                   AGE                                       SEX                                                         ADDRESS                                                                               ADMITED FROM                                                                             ON  ( DATE )                                                                                        CHIEF COMPLAINTS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS