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Abnormal heart sounds are called Murmurs. Murmurs are of various types. Here we will discuss common types of cardiac murmurs. Types of cardiac murmurs. Murmurs are grossly divided as systolic and diastolic murmurs. Murmurs heard between first heart sound and second heart sound are called systolic murmurs and murmurs heard between second heart sound and first heart sound are called diastolic murmurs. Now systolic murmurs are further divided into. 1. Mid-systolic murmurs 2. Pan-systolic murmurs 3. Late systolic murmurs and diastolic murmurs are further divided into; 1. Mid-diastolic murmurs 2. Early diastolic murmurs Murmurs can be present in both systolic and diastolic phase of the heart beat. Systolic Murmurs: Mid Systolic Murmurs: Aortic stenosis: narrowing aortic valve is called aortic stenosis. When left ventricle contracts, it forces blood into the aorta. Forced and fast movement of blood through aorta produces a harsh sound which can be heard as murmur. It is best h...

·   FH (Familial Hypercholesterolemia) is caused by defects in the LDL receptor. There are two well-described phenocopy syndromes related to defects in other genes along the same pathway; they are non-classical FH (caused by mutations in the ApoB 100 gene)and a more severe autosomal recessive form of familial hypercholesterolemia (caused by changes in the LDLRAP1 gene). In AD (Autosomal dominant) disorders the disease occurs in three successive generations, with both males and females affected and transmitting risk. In recessive disease, both parents are typically either carriers or affected, and so disease tends to occur horizontally (e.g. within a sibship) rather than in successive generations. Diagnosis and Treatment ·   Strong Family History (Early MI, Stroke, Hypertension, Xanthomas, Hyperlipidemia) The lipid profile in classic FH is an elevated LDL (range usually 200–400 mg/dL ), a normal HDL, and normal TG.  HMG Co-enzyme reductase inhibitors are...

Hypertension in Elderly Management/Treatment Hypertension in the elderly is a common problem. An old patient may come to you with normal appearance and physical signs with slight symptoms of dizziness and the occasional headache. but when you check his blood pressure, you find that it is higher (for example, > 170 mm of Hg). Let’s take the following case as an example. “A 76-year-old man visits his physician with the problem of occasional mild headache with no other noticeable symptom; he came to see the doctor because his wife compelled him to do so. Past Medical History :   No history of heart disease, no stroke, no diabetes, no asthma, no TB. Medications : Not significant Allergies :   No known drug allergies Social History :   Business Man, smoked during his 20’s for 5 years, wine 2-3 times per week Family History :   Father died of MI, Mother died of Stroke, one brother with coronary artery disease and a sister with stroke and hypertensio...

Studies suggest that in addition to heart health beetroot juice increases blood flow to the brain and therefore joins the fight against dementia. Biology and Chemistry, scientists at Wake Forest University in the US decided to explore the potential impact that beetroot juice could have on brain health. studies suggested that beetroot juice 1. tends to decrease blood pressure. 2. Increases Brain blood perfusion.                    Improved brain blood perfusion is known to delay ageing, improves cognitive health (thinking ability) and poorer blood flow in the elderly is related to dementia (loss of memory). Therefore drinking beetroot juice eradicates the risk of dementia in old age to a great extent. Beetroot juice has high nitrate content. Nitrates cause vasodilation (relax the walls of blood vessels and increase their lumen) . It means they tend to decrease blood pressure and tend to increase blood flow. e.g glyceryl tr...