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Bariatric surgery is a surgical procedure which is done on intestine or stomach to induce weight loss.  The incident of Obesity (BMI > 30) is rising gradually and it is estimated by the end of 2025 more than 40% of the United States population will be affected by obesity.  It is not easy to deal with the obesity with diet and exercise alone, although diet, exercise, and pharmacological therapy are the first line therapies to deal with the obesity, but if the BMI becomes more than 40 then the safe bariatric surgical procedure becomes an appropriate and preferable therapy. A number of bariatric surgical procedures are being done worldwide, these include.  1. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric ByPass (LRYGBP) 2. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) 3. The Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG) Among these procedures, LAGB has higher long term failure rates, LRYGBP & LSG are done more frequently and among these two LSG is safer, quick a...

When Rabid dog or any other animal that can transmit rabies bites the management depends on the category of the wound.  A rabid animal bite is categorized into three categories depending on the depth and tissues involved. The deeper the wound is, the more dangerous it will be. Wounds categorization for a rabid animal bite. Category I wound. Category I wounds are not wounds actually. Because in these, the skin remains intact. If a rabid animal, feed on your hand or licks your skin, but there shouldn’t be any abrasion, or breakage of the integrity of skin epithelium then there is no risk of transmission of rabies. In this case, no vaccination is needed, only reassurance of the doubter is enough. Category II Wounds. Category II (two) wounds carry the moderate risk of transmission of rabies. If a rabid animal licks an uncovered area of skin, like some previous wound or abrasion or you have got a minor scratch or abrasion from an animal that can transmit rabies in such a way that no ...

Postoperative fever is common in post-surgical patients. It is estimated that up to two third of the patients suffer from postoperative fever. Post-operative fever may occur due to infectious or non-infectious causes. Non-Infection Causes of Post Operative Fever: Surgical trauma to tissues itself is a strong stimulus of cytokines release. Interleukin 1 (IL 1), Interleukin 6 (IL 6), Tumor necrosis factor alpha and Interferon gamma, all may release after surgery. Release of these cytokines after surgical procedure results in fever. Lung Atelectasis is another cause of post-operative fever. Certain drugs also tend to increase temperature. For example, serotonergic drugs, antidopaminergic drugs (cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome), Sulfa antibiotics, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Progesterone, Chemotherapeutics, anti-histamines, cimetidine among the many others may cause fever. Transfusion reaction is yet another non-infectious cause of post-operative fever. Others are; Deep venous thro...