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Goitre is a Thyroid Disease. Goiter Enlargement of thyroid gland irrespective of its pathology is called goitre.  The thyroid gland is located in the neck, below Adam's apple (bony prominence in the neck, more prominent in males) and in front of the trachea. Enlargement of the thyroid gland causes a prominent (or slightly or non-prominent)  bulge in the neck.

Sjogren's syndrome: Sjogren's syndrome (Sjogren's syndrome) refers to a pathological condition, characterized by: 1. Dry eyes, 2. Dry mouth 3. Lack of moisture at sites where it normally present Cause : Dry eyes occur due to the autoimmune destruction of Lacrimal glands and dry mouth occurs due to the autoimmune destruction of salivary glands. Autoimmune destruction means the immune system of the body kills its own cells instead of killing only foreign cells.

Pheochromocytoma: It is a tumour of the adrenal medulla ( or sympathetic ganglia ) that secretes excess catecholamines ( that is epinephrine and norepinephrine) Adrenal gland has two main layers, cortex and medulla, the cortex is further subdivided into 3 zones and every zone secretes a specific set of hormones. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. In normal conditions, adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines after the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Hence sympathetic overactivity or adrenal medulla tumour will result in increased secretion of catecholamines. These excessive catecholamines result in symptoms of pheochromocytoma.

Hypothyroidism : Hypothyroidism means " Insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones ( T3 and T4 ) by the thyroid gland. Causes Of hypothyroidism: 1. Thyroid Parenchymal defects: a) A congenital defect in thyroid parenchyma b) Radiation injury to thyroid parenchyma (e.g radio-iodine, external radiation) c) Surgical ablation d) Hashimoto's thyroiditis. 2. Interference with Thyroid hormone synthesis: a) idiopathic primary hypothyroidism (possibly due to immune blockade of TSH receptors) b) Heritable biosynthetic defects c) Iodine deficiency. d) Drugs (e.g iodides, p-aminosalicylic acid, lithium etc) e) Hashimoto Thyroiditis 3. Others: a) Pituitary lesions reducing TSH secretion b) Hypothalamic lesions that reduce thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) secretion. TRH stimulates the pituitary to secrete TSH. Types Of Hypothyroidism: There are three types of hypothyroidism. 1. Primary Hypothyroidism: In primary hypothyroidism, problems lie in the thyroid ...

Adrenal Glands are two in number and each one is located on the anterosuperior aspect of each kidney. The adrenal gland is an important gland of the body which secretes many important hormones which control various important functions of the human body. When we cut adrenal gland cross-sectionally we see two distinct regions. The outer one is called Cortex and the inner zone is called medulla. Each zone consists of different cells which secrete different hormones. The Cortex is further divided into three layers.