Skip to main content

Analysis of Cardiac Disease Symptoms-Cardiac Disease Symptoms and their Causes-Detailed analysis

Cardiovascular System


Personal history :

Special habits:-
Smoking increases the risk of;
*Cor pulmonale (disorders predispose to cor pulmonale read here)
*Coronary H. D.
*Atherosclerosis
* Arrhythmia

I. V drug Addiction increases the risk of getting Endocarditis (fungal, Staph)

A- Analysis of complaint

B- Ask Leading questions about Cardiovascular symptoms:
1-Symptoms of pulmonary venous Congestion (explained below)
2-Symptoms of systemic venous Congestion.
3- Symptoms of low Cardiac output.
4-Chest pain.
5-Cyanosis & jaundice.
6-Palpitation.
7-Symptoms of Peripheral vascular disease.
8-Toxic symptoms

Pulmonary Venous Congestion:

Causes:-

LVF (left ventricular failure)
M. S (Mitral Stenosis)
Manifestations :
- Dyspnoea
-Orthopnea
- P.N. Dyspnoea
-Cardiac asthma
-Cough
-Haemoptysis

Cardiac Dyspnoea:

Dyspnoea = Breathlessness =uncomfortable awareness of breathing.
It is mainly due to reduced elastic properties of the lung (reduced pulmonary compliance).
Dyspnea on effort is usually the 1st symptom of pulmonary congestion.

Grades of dyspnoea:

Grade 1: no breathlessness
Grade 2: Breathlessness on severe exertion.
Grade 3: Breathlessness on mild exertion.
Grade 4: Breathlessness at rest.
(The New York Heart Association )

Orthopnea:

Breathlessness that occurs when the patient lies flat.

Pathogenesis :

1- ­ Venous return, which in case of LVF, increase pulmonary congestion.
2-Recumbence cause abdominal contents to press up against the diaphragm.

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnoea:

The patient wakes up from sleep with severe breathlessness and cough with expectoration, the attack usually lasts for 5 to 10 minutes by setting or getting up and inhalation of fresh air.
Wheezing, due to bronchial endothelial oedema is common (Cardiac asthma )

Pulmonary oedema:

Dyspnoea becomes very marked, with prominent central cyanosis, cough and expectoration of big amount of frothy sputum tinged with blood.

Cough

Dry, or productive of frothy sputum, occurs on exertion or lying flat, accompanied or preceded by dyspnoea.

Hemoptysis :

-Blood tinged sputum: Pulmonary oedema.
-Frank hemoptysis :(blood without sputum)
Causes:
*MS (Mitral Stenosis)
*Pulmonary embolism and infarction

Systemic Venous Congestion:

Causes : Right ventricular failure
Pericardial diseases.
Manifestations :
-Oedema of the Lower limb: (bilateral pitting, start independent parts, always precedes ascites)
-Pain in Right Hypochondrium & epigastrium ( hepatic congestion.)
-Anorexia & nausea ( G.I. T congestion. )

Chest Pain

Where? Site & Radiation
What? Character, Increase, Decrease, Associated symptoms.
When? Onset, Duration.
Causes:-
Cardiac :
Coronary Heart disease
Pericarditis.
Dissecting aortic aneurysm
-Pulmonary:
Pulmonary embolism.
Pleurisy (infusion of pleura)

-Cardiac neurosis.

an anxiety reaction characterized by quick fatigue, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, and other cardiac symptoms, but not caused by disease of the heart.

Palpitations:

Causes :
-Dysrhythmias
- Hyperdynamic circulation.
-Volume overload (AR, MR, VSD )
-Anxiety.

Ask about :
-Is it regular or irregular?
-Is it spontaneous.?
-Onset, Offset, and duration.
-Associated symptoms.
Example: Spontaneous regular palpitation with sudden onset and offset ® PSVT

Symptoms suggestive of Peripheral Vascular disease

-Coldness of extremities
-Claudication. (narrowing of arteries spec in legs and foot)
-Ulcers of the leg.

Toxic symptoms :

Fever, sweating, loss of weight, loss of appetite.
Fever in cardiac patients :
- Rheumatic fever
-infective endocarditis
- MI
-pulmonary embolism
- pericarditis
-collagen diseases

Low Cardiac Output:

Causes:
-Stenotic valve lesions: (Mitral stenosis, Aortic Stenosis)
-Pulmonary hypertension.
-Heart failure.

Manifestations :
-Easy fatigue, blurring of vision,
- syncopal attacks.
-The coldness of extremities.

Cyanosis:

Bluish ting of skin

Cardiac causes

Central Cyanosis causes
-Congenital cyanotic Heart disease
-Chronic heart failure:

Peripheral Cyanosis causes:

- Low Cardiac output.
-Peripheral vascular Disease.
-Chronic heart failure.
Ask about:
-Onset, is it since birth?
-Is it permanent .?
-The site and Associated symptoms.

Recommended article

Read also :

Cardiac examination Techniques by Dr. Haseeb

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Human Parasites, Types of Parasites, and Classification

Parasite: A parasite is a living organism which gets nutrition and protection from another organism where it lives. Parasites enter into the human body through mouth, skin and genitalia. In this article, we will generally discuss the types and classification of parasites. It is important from an academic point of view. Those parasites are harmful, which derives their nutrition and other benefits from the host and host get nothing in return but suffers from some injury. Types of Parasites Ecto-parasite: An ectoparasite lives outside on the surface of the body of the host. Endo-parasite: An endo-parasite lives inside the body of the host, it lives in the blood, tissues, body cavities, digestive tract or other organs. Temporary parasite: A temporary parasite visits its host for a short period of time. Permanent parasite: Permanent parasite lives its whole life in the host. Facultative parasite: A facultative parasite can live both independently and dependently. It lives in the...

IELTS or OET - Reviews - Personal Experience - Which to Choose - IETLS vs OET

OET and IELTS both are used to assess the knowledge of English Language. The basic difference between the above two is this, IETLS is a more generalized English language assessment test, on the other hand, OET is profession specific. For example, if you are a doctor, the content of the test will be related to your occupation. Because of this, the OET is being chosen by many healthcare professional instead of IELTS. Both tests have the same sub-categories, that is listening, speaking, writing and reading. Lets us discuss the differences one by one. TEST OET IELTS OET Compared to IELTS is ………. (Author’s opinion) Speaking You will need to do two role plays. You will be given a situation and asked to counsel the patient about a disease and treatment or break the bad news. It has 3 parts, first is an introduction and general question, In the second part you will be provided with a topic to speak for 2 minutes. In the 3rd part, you will b...