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90% of cases of diabetes are due to excessive weight. Excessive weight causes insulin resistance. In obese people, the normal level of insulin become unable to maintain glucose concentration within normal range. Uncontrolled high level of glucose stimulates further insulin release by the pancreas which may cause exhaustion of beta cells of the pancreas and cause aggravation of diabetes . Decreasing the weight in the initial stage of diabetes reverses the progression of the disease and cure diabetes and the patient can stop taking diabetic drugs. Recent studies show that weight loss surgery may be used to cure type II diabetes and individuals may stop using antidiabetic drugs after surgery. Not all individuals are suitable for weight loss surgery but among the suitable individuals who were studied, almost 83 became successful in maintaining their blood sugar level under control without using drugs . Methods Of Weight Loss Surgery: Two methods of weight loss surgery are us...

Morphology Of thrombi.  Arterial Thrombi (Thrombus) Arterial thrombi are also called white thrombi. They develop in arteries or heart at the site of endothelial injury or turbulence On the transaction, they show darker grey lines of aggregated platelets interspersed between paler layers of coagulated fibrin. These lamellae are referred to as lines of Zahn They are dry, friable, tangled grey masses Arterial Thrombi may form enormously elongated snake-like structures, the tail of which build up retrograde to the direction of blood flow ( that is away from the heart)  Types Of Arterial Thrombi (Thrombus) Mural Thrombus: It refers to " a thrombus that is attached to the wall of blood vessel or heart but doesn't occlude the vessel completely                        Sites Of Mural Thrombosis: Capacious chambers of heart, Aorta, Aneurysms.      2.   Occlusive Thrombus : It refers t...

It is very important to differentiate between postmortem clots and venous thrombi during the autopsy. Both Venous Thrombi and postmortem clots form casts of the lumen of veins. Following are the distinguishing points. Venous thrombi are firm while postmortem clots are rubbery and gelatinous  Venous Thrombi are a rich admixture of RBCs and appear red, while postmortem clots appear as dark red independent portions because in the dependent portion of vessel RBC aggregate and the supernatant portions are free of RBCs and appear as yellow chicken fat. Another main difference is that venous thrombi are attached to the vessel wall while postmortem clots are not. . TOPICS Covered. Thrombosis mechanism of thrombus formation Types Of Thrombus Difference between venous thrombi and postmortem clots Fate of Thrombi Clinical manifestations and treatment

Fate Of Thrombus.             Once Thrombus is formed It may propagate and increase in size and cause obstruction of some critical blood vessels (for example coronary artery) It may detach from its attachment and may embolize. It may be removed by fibrinolytic activity and blood flow is established again. It may undergo organization into the fibrinnous thrombus Organized Thrombus may become re-canalize (capillary channels are formed in the organized thrombus) thus re-establishing continuity of lumen of the vessel. Center of thrombus may undergo enzymatic digestion and softens due to release of lysosomal enzymes from the trapped leukocytes and platelets, such soften debris is ideal culture medium for bacterial growth. TOPICS Covered. Thrombosis mechanism of thrombus formation Types Of Thrombus Difference between venous thrombi and postmortem clots Fate of Thrombi Clinical manifestations and treatment

Thrombi cause clinical manifestations either by obstructing arteries and veins and formation of emboli Clinical Manifestations due to Venous Thrombi. (1) superficial Venous Thrombi      It occurs commonly in saphenous veins especially when there are varicosities.      Clinical manifestations include; Local congestion and swelling Pain tenderness along the course of veins Varicose ulcer One thing which is peculiar to venous thrombi is that they don't embolize. (2) Deep Venous Thrombi.        They occur in deep veins of the leg. for example femoral, popliteal and iliac veins        Clinical manifestations include; Oedema of foot and ankle Pain and tenderness on compression of calf muscles, This is also called "Homan's sign" They may embolize and may cause pulmonary embolism and infarction. (3) Thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis.    ...